Project Quality and Risk Managementإدارة جودة المشروع ومخاطره
مقدمة الفصل
ماذا ستتعلم في هذا الفصل
- Define quality and project quality management.
- Describe quality planning and its relationship to project scope management.
- Discuss the importance of quality assurance.
- Explain the main outputs of the quality control process.
- Understand the tools and techniques for quality control.
- Understand the basics of the risk management process.
أقسام الفصل
- 1Quality and project quality managementالجودة وإدارة جودة المشروع
- 2Planning quality and scope aspects that affect qualityتخطيط الجودة وجوانب النطاق المؤثرة فيها
- 3Quality assurance and quality control outputsضمان الجودة ومخرجات ضبطها
- 4Quality control tools: the seven basic toolsأدوات ضبط الجودة السبع
- 5Statistical sampling, Six Sigma and testingالمعاينة الإحصائية وسيجما ستة والاختبار
- 6Project risk managementإدارة مخاطر المشروع
تلميح: استخدم أسهم لوحة المفاتيح للتنقل بين الشرائح.
What is quality?ما الجودة؟
Quality and project quality management
| Initiating | Planning | Executing | Monitoring & Control | Closing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | Plan quality management | Perform quality management | Control quality | لا تذكر الشرائح شيئًا هنا. |
Quality:
- The totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. (ISO 8042:1994)
- The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements. (ISO 9000:2000)
Conformance to requirementsالمطابقة للمتطلبات
- The project's processes and products meet written specifications.
- Example: the scope statement requires 100 computers with specific processors and memory — you can easily check whether suitable computers were delivered.
Fitness for useالملاءمة للاستخدام
- A product can be used as it was intended.
- Example: computers delivered without monitors or keyboards and left in boxes on the shipping dock are not fit for use; the customer may have assumed delivery included them, unpacking and installation.
Project quality management processesعمليات إدارة الجودة
Quality and project quality management
Includes the processes required to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken.
| Processالعملية | Descriptionالوصف | Outputالمخرجات |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Planning quality management | Identifying which quality requirements and standards are relevant to the project and how to satisfy them. |
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| 2. Performing quality assurance | Periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standard. |
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| 3. Controlling quality | Monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards while identifying ways to improve overall quality. |
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سؤال سريع
Quality and project quality management
1. Planning qualityتخطيط الجودة
Planning quality and scope aspects that affect quality
To identify relevant quality standards for each unique project and to design quality into the products of the project and the processes involved in managing the project.
Prevention of defects by:
- Selecting proper materials.
- Training people in quality.
- Planning a process that ensures the appropriate outcome.
Scope aspects of IT projects that affect qualityجوانب النطاق المؤثرة في الجودة
Planning quality and scope aspects that affect quality
| Aspectالجانب | Meaningالمعنى | What to clarifyما يجب توضيحه |
|---|---|---|
| Functionality and features | Functionality: the degree to which a system performs its intended function. Features: the system's special characteristics that appeal to users. | What functions and features the system must perform, and what is optional. |
| System outputs | The screens and reports the system generates (user interface). |
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| Performance | How well a product or service performs the customer's intended use. |
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| Reliability | The ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions. |
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| Maintainability | The ease of performing maintenance on a product. | Most IT products cannot reach 100 percent reliability, but stakeholders must define their expectations — e.g. provide a help desk. |
2. Performing quality assuranceضمان الجودة
Quality assurance and quality control outputs
Quality assurance includes all the activities related to satisfying the relevant quality standards for a project. Another goal is continuous quality improvement.
Generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization.
A structured review of specific quality management activities that helps identify lessons learned that could improve performance on current or future projects.
3. Performing quality controlضبط الجودة ومخرجاته
Quality assurance and quality control outputs
Monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards while identifying ways to improve overall quality. The main goal of quality control is to improve quality.
تذكّر المخرجات الثلاثة ثم اكشف شرحها.
- 1Acceptance decisionsقرارات القبول
Determine if the products or services will be accepted or rejected. Accepted ones are validated deliverables; if stakeholders reject some, there must be rework.
- 2Reworkإعادة العمل
Results in requested changes and validated defect repair; it results from recommended defect repair or corrective or preventive actions.
- 3Process adjustmentsتعديل العمليات
Result in updates to the quality baseline, organization process assets, and the project management plan.
أدوات ضبط الجودة (الشريحة 25)
- Seven basic tools of quality
- Statistical sampling
- Six Sigma
- Testing
سؤال سريع
Quality assurance and quality control outputs
Seven basic tools: cause-and-effect and control chartsالسبب والنتيجة ومخطط الضبط
Quality control tools: the seven basic tools
الأدوات السبع (الشريحة 26)
- Cause-and-effect diagrams
- Control charts
- Check sheet
- Scatter diagrams
- Histogram
- Pareto chart
- Flowcharts
Trace complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations; they help you find the root cause of a problem. Also known as fishbone diagrams. You can also use the 5 Whys technique: repeatedly ask “Why” to peel away the layers of symptoms.
Slide 28 sample — problem “Users cannot get into system”, with causes grouped under Training (user did not reset password, did not check box to save password, keeps forgetting password), Software, System Hardware and User's Hardware (not enough memory, not enough hard disk storage, processor too slow).
A graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time; it lets you determine whether a process is in control or out of control.
In controlتحت السيطرة
- Variations are created by random events.
- The process does not need to be adjusted.
Out of controlخارج السيطرة
- Variations are caused by nonrandom events.
- Identify the causes and adjust the process to correct or eliminate them.
Check sheets, scatter diagrams and histogramsورقة الفحص والانتشار والمدرج
Quality control tools: the seven basic tools
Used to collect and analyze data; sometimes called a tally sheet or checklist. Tally marks enter each occurrence manually. In the slide 34 example, most complaints arrive via text message, with more complaints on Monday and Tuesday.
Helps to show if there is a relationship between two variables; the closer data points are to a diagonal line, the more closely the two variables are related. Example: user satisfaction ratings compared with the age of respondents.
A bar graph of a distribution of variables; each bar represents an attribute or characteristic of a problem, and its height represents its frequency.
Pareto charts and flowchartsباريتو والمخطط الانسيابي
Quality control tools: the seven basic tools
A histogram that can help you identify and prioritize problem areas. Pareto analysis is also called the 80-20 rule: 80 percent of problems are often due to 20 percent of the causes.
- Slide 41 (3.1.6 Pareto Chart) is a video titled "80/20"; slide 54 (Six Sigma) is a video, "Six Sigma — A Simple explanation"; slide 70 is a video (IBM, ibm.com/smartercommerce). Their content is not on the slides.
| Complaint | Number of people |
|---|---|
| Login problem | 90 |
| System locks up | 50 |
| System is too slow | 20 |
| System is too hard to use | 10 |
| Reports are inaccurate | 5 |
The first and second complaints together account for almost 80 percent of the total, so the company should focus on making it easier to log in to the system.
Graphic displays of the logic and flow of processes that help you analyze how problems occur and how processes can be improved. They show activities, decision points, and the order of how information is processed.
Slide 47 flowchart: deliverable acceptance
- 1
Deliverable acceptance request.
- 2
Route to appropriate decision makers.
- 3
Accepted? YES → sign approval section. NO → document required additional work.
- 4
Notify requestor and log in system.
سؤال سريع
Quality control tools: the seven basic tools
Statistical samplingالمعاينة الإحصائية
Choosing part of a population of interest for inspection. The size of the sample depends on how representative you want it to be.
- Sample size = 0.25 × (certainty factor / acceptable error)²
- The certainty factor denotes how confident you want to be that the sampled data includes only variations that naturally exist in the population; it comes from tables in statistics books.
- Acceptable error = 1 − percent certainty / 100 (95 percent certainty → 1 − 95/100 = 0.05).
المسألة
EDI system developers accept a 95 percent certainty that a sample of invoices contains no variation unless it is present in the population.
خطوات الحل
- Acceptable error = 0.05; certainty factor = 1.960
- Sample size = 0.25 × (1.960 / 0.05)²
النتيجة
Sample size = 384
Six Sigma and testingسيجما ستة والاختبار
“A comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining and maximizing business success … driven by close understanding of customer needs, disciplined use of facts, data, and statistical analysis, and diligent attention to managing, improving, and reinventing business processes.” (Pande, Neuman and Cavanagh, The Six Sigma Way)
DMAIC — five-phase improvement process (slides 56–57)
- Define
Define the problem statement and plan for improvement; the Six Sigma project team is formed.
- Measure
Collect data from the process to determine current quality or operational performance levels.
- Analyze
Study the business process to understand the root causes of the problem.
- Improve
Identify, prioritize, test, and finalize the improvement action plan.
- Control
Implement the improvement action plan and set up controls to monitor the system.
Many IT professionals think of testing as a stage near the end of development, but testing should be done during almost every phase of the IT product development life cycle.
| Testing typeالنوع | What it testsماذا يختبر |
|---|---|
| Unit testing | Each individual component (often a program) to ensure it is as defect-free as possible. |
| Integration testing | Occurs between unit and system testing to test functionally grouped components. |
| System testing | The entire system as one entity. |
| User acceptance testing | An independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system. |
سؤال سريع
Statistical sampling, Six Sigma and testing
Project risk managementإدارة المخاطر
| Initiating | Planning | Executing | Monitoring & Control | Closing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | Plan risk management, identify risks, perform qualitative risk analysis, perform quantitative risk analysis, plan risk responses | لا تذكر الشرائح شيئًا هنا. | Control risks | لا تذكر الشرائح شيئًا هنا. |
An uncertainty that can have a negative (threats) or positive (opportunities) effect on meeting project objectives. Examples: customer not agreeing on the price; not finding a capable supplier; delivery difficulties.
A process in which the project team continually assesses what risks may negatively or positively affect the project, determines the probability of such events occurring, and determines the impact if they occur. It also involves analyzing and determining alternate strategies to deal with risks.
The objectives of risk management are to identify, address and minimize risks before they become threats to the successful completion of a project.
Risk management processesعمليات إدارة المخاطر
Project risk management
| Processالعملية | Descriptionالوصف | Outputالمخرجات |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Planning risk management | Deciding how to approach and plan the risk management activities for the project. | Risk management plan |
| 2. Identifying risks | Determining which risks are likely to affect a project and documenting the characteristics of each. | Risk register |
| 3. Performing qualitative risk analysis | Prioritizing risks based on their probability and impact of occurrence. | Project documents updates |
| 4. Performing quantitative risk analysis | Numerically estimating the effects of risks on project objectives. | Project documents updates |
| 5. Planning risk responses | Enhancing opportunities and reducing threats to meeting project objectives. |
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| 6. Monitoring and controlling risks | Monitoring identified and residual risks, identifying new risks, carrying out risk response plans, and evaluating the effectiveness of risk strategies. |
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سؤال سريع
Project risk management
الخلاصة
أنهيت الدرس
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ما راجعته في هذا الدرس
- Quality and project quality managementالجودة وإدارة جودة المشروع
- Planning quality and scope aspects that affect qualityتخطيط الجودة وجوانب النطاق المؤثرة فيها
- Quality assurance and quality control outputsضمان الجودة ومخرجات ضبطها
- Quality control tools: the seven basic toolsأدوات ضبط الجودة السبع
- Statistical sampling, Six Sigma and testingالمعاينة الإحصائية وسيجما ستة والاختبار
- Project risk managementإدارة مخاطر المشروع