Project Human Resource Managementإدارة الموارد البشرية في المشروع
مقدمة الفصل
ماذا ستتعلم في هذا الفصل
- What is a project team?
- Project human resource management.
- Project team planning.
- Acquiring the project team.
- Developing the project team.
- Managing project teams.
أقسام الفصل
- 1Project teams and human resource management processesفريق المشروع وعمليات إدارة الموارد البشرية
- 2Project team planning: the human resource planتخطيط الفريق: خطة الموارد البشرية
- 3Acquiring the project teamاستقطاب فريق المشروع
- 4Developing and managing the project teamتطوير الفريق وإدارته
- 5Managing project conflictsإدارة النزاعات في المشروع
تلميح: استخدم أسهم لوحة المفاتيح للتنقل بين الشرائح.
What is a project team?ما فريق المشروع؟
Project teams and human resource management processes
| Initiating | Planning | Executing | Monitoring & Control | Closing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | Plan human resource management | Acquire project team, develop project team, manage project team | لا تذكر الشرائح شيئًا هنا. | لا تذكر الشرائح شيئًا هنا. |
A small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance, goals and approach, and who are directly or indirectly accountable to the project manager.
Human resource management processesعمليات إدارة الموارد البشرية
| Processالعملية | Groupالمجموعة | Descriptionالوصف | Outputsالمخرجات |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Planning human resource management | Planning | Identifying and documenting project roles, responsibilities, and reporting relationships. | Human resource plan |
| 2. Acquiring the project team | Executing | Getting the needed personnel assigned to and working on the project. |
|
| 3. Developing the project team | Executing | Building individual and group skills to enhance project performance. | Team performance assessments |
| 4. Managing the project team | Executing | Tracking team member performance, motivating team members, providing timely feedback, resolving issues and conflicts, and coordinating changes. |
|
سؤال سريع
Project teams and human resource management processes
Project team planning: organizational chartsالهيكل التنظيمي للمشروع
Project team planning: the human resource plan
خطة الموارد البشرية تضم
- Project organizational chart
- Responsibility assignment matrixes
- A staffing management plan
- Resource histograms
Project organizational chart:
- Defines an organizational structure for a project.
- Covers the work definition and assignment process, carried out during the proposal and startup phases of a project.
A specific type of organizational chart that defines the total scope (work) of the project.
A specific type of organizational chart that shows which organizational units are responsible for which work items — e.g. software development, hardware development, training.
Responsibility assignment matrix and RACIمصفوفة المسؤوليات وRACI
Project team planning: the human resource plan
A matrix that maps the work of the project as described in the WBS to the people responsible for performing the work as described on the OBS. It can assign detailed work activities or define general roles and responsibilities.
Very large projectsالمشاريع الكبيرة جدًا
- Assign the work to organizational units or teams.
- R = responsible organizational unit: responsible for the execution and management of the cost, schedule and performance of the WBS segment.
- P = performing organizational unit: responsible for performing the task.
Smaller projectsالمشاريع الأصغر
- Assign individual people to WBS activities using a RACI chart.
- Responsibility: who does the task?
- Accountability: who signs off on the task or has authority for it?
- Consultation: who has information necessary to complete the task?
- Informed: who needs to be notified of task status and results?
| Activity | Car owner | Shop owner | Mechanic | Parts supplier |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pay for parts and services | A, R | C | لا تذكر الشرائح شيئًا هنا. | لا تذكر الشرائح شيئًا هنا. |
| Determine parts and services needed | C | لا تذكر الشرائح شيئًا هنا. | A, R | C |
| Supply parts | لا تذكر الشرائح شيئًا هنا. | C | C | A, R |
| Install parts | I | A | R | لا تذكر الشرائح شيئًا هنا. |
سؤال سريع
Project team planning: the human resource plan
Staffing management plan and resource histogramsخطة التوظيف والمدرج التكراري
Project team planning: the human resource plan
Describes when and how people will be added to and taken off the project team.
It would describe:
- The types of people needed, such as Java programmers, business analysts, technical writers.
- The number of each type of person needed each month.
- How these resources would be acquired, trained, rewarded, reassigned after the project.
A column chart that shows the number of resources assigned to a project over time (slide 30: managers, business analysts, programmers and technical writers by month, January–June).
2. Acquiring the project team: resource assignmentتعيين الموارد
It's important to recruit team members and assign the appropriate type and number of people at the appropriate times. Three topics: resource assignment, resource loading, and resource leveling.
1. Resource assignment:
- Project managers work with other people in their organizations to assign particular personnel or acquire additional human resources.
- If there is a mismatch between people's skills and the organization's needs, the project manager works with top management, human resource managers and others to address staffing and training needs.
- Have good procedures for hiring subcontractors and recruiting new employees.
Approaches to hiring and retaining IT staff:
- Offer existing employees incentives for helping recruit and retain personnel — e.g. one dollar for every hour worked by a new person they helped recruit.
- Provide benefits based on personnel need — e.g. working only four days a week, or a couple of days a week from home.
Resource loading and resource levelingتحميل الموارد وتسويتها
Acquiring the project team
The amount of individual resources that an existing schedule requires during specific time periods; it helps project managers understand the demands of a project on the organization's resources and on people's schedules.
Not enough resources are available to perform the assigned work during a given time period (slide 37: one person allocated up to 300%).
A technique for resolving resource conflicts by delaying tasks. Main purpose: a smoother distribution of resource usage.
You can sometimes remove overallocations by delaying noncritical tasks, which does not delay the overall schedule; at other times you will need to delay the project completion date.
سؤال سريع
Acquiring the project team
3. Developing and 4. managing the project teamتطوير الفريق وإدارته
Developing and managing the project team
To help people work together more effectively to improve project performance. It takes teamwork to successfully complete most projects.
أدوات تطوير الفريق الثلاث.
- 1Training
Project managers often recommend specific training courses to improve individual and team development.
- 2Team-building activities
In-house training or specialized external companies; more organizations use mental team-building activities to understand themselves, each other, and how to work better in teams.
- 3Reward and recognition systems
An important tool for promoting team development; it reinforces people to work more effectively in teams.
Managing the team — after assessing team performance, the project manager decides:
- If changes should be requested to the project.
- If corrective or preventive actions should be recommended.
- If updates are needed to the project management plan or organizational process assets.
| Toolالأداة | From the slideمن الشريحة |
|---|---|
| Observation and conversation | Observe team members at work and ask how they feel about their work. |
| Project performance appraisals | Provide performance appraisals for workers. |
| Interpersonal skills | Project managers must possess several interpersonal skills. |
| Conflict management | Understand strategies for handling conflicts. |
Project conflicts and their sourcesالنزاعات ومصادرها
Managing project conflicts
Some conflict on projects is useful — new ideas, better alternatives, motivation to work harder and more collaboratively — but other conflict is destructive.
Relationship (personal) conflictنزاع العلاقات
- Can be detrimental to project team success.
- Sources: roles and responsibility; communications failure; stakeholder relationships; individual rewards.
Task (ideas) conflictنزاع المهام والأفكار
- Can encourage people to consider alternative approaches and better justify decisions.
- Sources: money and other resources; technical approach; schedule; priorities.
Conflict resolution process and stylesحل النزاعات وأساليبه
Managing project conflicts
Six-step project conflict resolution process (slide 50)
- 1
Understanding the conflict.
- 2
Agree on conflict resolution goals.
- 3
Identify causes of the conflict.
- 4
Identify potential solutions for the conflict.
- 5
Pick the desired conflict solution.
- 6
Implement the chosen solution.
| Styleالأسلوب | When appropriate for projectsمتى يناسب | Task / relationship importance (slide 53)أهمية المهمة / العلاقة |
|---|---|---|
| Forcing/Competing | Only when a quick decision is necessary, we are sure we are right, and buy-in from others is not needed. | High task, low relationship |
| Withdrawing/Avoiding | Only when the conflict is minor, there is no chance to win, or it is helpful to secure needed information or let tempers cool. | Low task, low relationship |
| Smoothing/Accommodating | Only when we know we are wrong, it is more important to the other party, or we are after something bigger later. | Low task, high relationship |
| Compromising | Only when an agreement is unlikely, both sides have equal power, and each is willing to get part of what they want without taking more time. | Medium task, medium relationship |
| Collaborating/Problem solving | Whenever there is enough time, trust can be established, the issue is important to both sides, and buy-in is needed. | High task, high relationship |
سؤال سريع
Managing project conflicts
الخلاصة
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ما راجعته في هذا الدرس
- Project teams and human resource management processesفريق المشروع وعمليات إدارة الموارد البشرية
- Project team planning: the human resource planتخطيط الفريق: خطة الموارد البشرية
- Acquiring the project teamاستقطاب فريق المشروع
- Developing and managing the project teamتطوير الفريق وإدارته
- Managing project conflictsإدارة النزاعات في المشروع